ethnicity and crime statistics uk 2020

Over the last five years the proportion of children from ethnic minority groups sentenced to immediate custody has increased from 36% in 2016 to 43% in 2020. These proportions were similar to those of the ethnic breakdown of the prison population. Within this update we committed to better addressing inequalities in victimisation and highlighting those groups in society that are at most risk of experiencing crime. The data for this section is available in the Arrests open data tables published by Home Office. Outcomes for minority ethnic children are often more pronounced than White children at various points of the CJS. Figure 4.02: Distribution of stop and searches in London and England and Wales, by ethnicity, 2020/21. This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-statistics-2020/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2020. The proportion of White children remanded at Crown Court has been increasing over the last 5 years from 26% in 2016 to 45% in 2020, converging with the proportion of children remanded in custody from minority ethnic groups. These research outputs are not official statistics on the population. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the CJS by ethnicity [footnote 90]. Those where ethnicity was not known/recorded are not included in this commentary. In 2020/21, White suspects accounted for 76% of arrests, 10% were for Black suspects, 8% were for Asian suspects, 4% were for Mixed ethnicity suspects and 2% were for Other ethnicity suspects. Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office: Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to the Data and Evidence as a Service division of the Ministry of Justice: Damon Wingfield, Responsible Statistician and Head of Criminal Justice System Statistics Personal crime [footnote 11] against adults. Women and the Criminal Justice System and Race and the Criminal Justice System; The Women and Race reports are compendium publications, each bringing together a wide range of statistics related to the criminal justice system, broken down by sex and by ethnicity. When conducting a stop and search, police record the reason for the stop and search as well as the ethnicity of the person searched[footnote 25]. Controlling for offence mix across ethnic groups showed reduced disparity in Average Custodial Sentence Lengths and Custody Rates. The ethnicity of prisoners varied across age groups, with a higher proportion of younger prisoners being from minority ethnic groups (53% of under 18-year olds). For the majority of the report, no controls have been applied for other characteristics of ethnic groups (such as average income, geography, offence mix or offender history), so it is not possible to determine what proportion of differences identified in this report are directly attributable to ethnicity. Mixed ethnicity suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches in which the outcome was linked (25%) compared to all other ethnic groups, these ranged from 21% to 22%. It investigates the differences between ethnic groups[footnote 81] for these offences, and whether this picture has changed over time. The overall custody rate has remained relatively stable between 2016 and 2019, ranging from 57% to 61%. Of those who received a suspended sentence order, higher proportions of White and Mixed ethnicity offenders received rehabilitation requirements[footnote 60], whereas higher proportions of Black, Asian and Chinese or Other ethnicity offenders received unpaid work requirements. , Due to a change in the data collection framework in 2021, officers who identify as Chinese are now counted under the Asian ethnic group, in line with the 2011 ONS Census classifications. , As a survey that asks people whether they have experience as a victim of crime, the CSEW does not cover homicides or crimes where there is no direct victim, such as possession of drugs or motoring offenses. , Data used in the HMPPS workforce quarterly statistics are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2021. Recommendations can also be made for a prisoner to remain in the open prison estate. , Ethnicity was known in 99.7% of oral parole board hearings in the year ending March 2021. , Data are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2020; not including figures from HMPPS. The ACSL for possession of weapon offences fell between 2016 and 2020 across all ethnic groups, except for the Mixed ethnic group . In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months, the Chinese or Other group had the shortest (31.8 months), while all other ethnic groups ranged from 38.0 to 39.8 months. This goes against the trend from 2016 where the numbers of prosecutions had been rising each year for all ethnic groups except Black. The reoffending rate among children was higher for the Black ethnic group at 45% and has consistently been higher over the last five years than the White (39%), Asian (35%) and Other (34%) ethnic groups. Not all agencies provide ethnicity data; therefore, the race and ethnicity totals will not equal. The ACSL for indicatable offences[footnote 44] has gradually increased over the past 5 years, from 19.0 months in 2016 to 21.0 months in 2020[footnote 45]. The number of knife crimes In England and Wales has risen to a new record high, says the Office for National Statistics. This is the largest decrease in the proportion of White practitioners of all the CJS organisations. CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk. London. The reoffending rate for Black adult offenders was highest for 18-20 year olds at 35%. Arrests were the principal outcome in 12% of stop and searches, community resolutions in 7% and other outcomes in 6% . , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. The proportion of male homicides was highest in the Black ethnic group (89%), followed by the Other ethnic group (77%), and the Asian ethnic group (68%). Crime rate in England and Wales 2021/22, by police force area . Those where ethnicity is not known are not included in this commentary. 477 485-8 515-38. In 2020, White defendants had the highest guilty plea rate for sexual offences, at 95%. The overall ethnicity trends for stop and searches tend to be influenced by stop and searches conducted in London, due to Londons ethnic composition compared with the rest of England and Wales. High proportions of prisoners from all ethnic groups reported that they knew what the COVID restrictions were in the prison and that reasons for restrictions had been explained to them. Of children, 4 to 6% were reported as being victims in Black, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups. The Asian ethnic group (2%) were significantly less likely than the White ethnic group (4%) to be victims of a personal crime, whilst the Mixed ethnic group (7%) were significantly more likely. Location: England and Wales. The processes by which other revisions will be communicated and published. In 2020, the custody rate was relatively stable across ethnic groups, between 24 and 26%. The parole board carry out risk assessments on prisoners to determine whether they can be safely released into the community. In the three-year period 2017/18[footnote 13] to 2019/20, there were 1,951[footnote 14] homicides in the Home Office Homicide Index[footnote 15], where ethnicity of the victim was recorded. In 2020/21, 19% of arrests of Black suspects were for drug offences. The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 percentage points across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. Above National Average. , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. It is important to note that for the majority of the report, no controls have been applied for other characteristics of ethnic groups (such as average income, geography, offence mix or offender history), so it is not possible to determine what proportion of differences identified in this report are directly attributable to ethnicity. 428 434-6 448-20. The relationship between race and crime in the United Kingdom is the subject of academic studies, government surveys, media coverage, and public concern. Figure 7.05: Proven reoffending rate by ethnicity for adults, annual averages (2014/15 to 2018/19), England and Wales. Office for National Statistics (UK), Number of homicides in England and Wales from 2009/10 to 2020/21 ethnic appearance of victim . 2, See technical guide for further information relating to the impact of COVID-19 on the courts. , Includes City of London and Metropolitan Police forces. In accordance with Principle 2 of the Code of Practice for Official Statistics, the Ministry of Justice is required to publish transparent guidance on its policy for revisions. Asian individuals had the highest proportion of fines given, at 23%, in comparison to White individuals (16%). This was a higher proportion than any other ethnic group, for example, only 10% of arrests of White suspects were for drug offences. Crimes involving multiple assailants, 43% of the assailants were Black, 38% were white, and 16% were Hispanic. Overall, 79% of offenders who were remanded in custody at Crown Court received an immediate custodial sentence; this has increased by 13 percentage points (pp) since 2016. This trend has fluctuated across recent years, with the Mixed ethnic group having the highest ACSL in 2019 (at 71.4 months), and the Chinese or Other group having the lowest (at 46.7 months). In previous publications we have made comparisons to the population using 2011 Census data. The level of crime in Scotland has fallen in recent years with 246,516 crimes recorded by the police in 2019/20. Where ethnicity is known[footnote 23], the total number of stop and searches increased between 2017/18 (266,000) and 2020/21 (557,000). In 2020, of prisoners whose ethnicity was known[footnote 49], 73% were White, 13% Black, 8% Asian, 5% Mixed and 1% from Other ethnic groups. Figure 7.08: Proportion of young offenders matched to a KS4 attainment record in academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15, by ethnicity, in England (Source: Table 7.1 and Table CH1). The greatest disparity appears at the point of stop and search, custodial remands and prison population. Asian offenders had a longer ACSL for drug offences compared to all other ethnic groups, which ranged from 31.8 to 39.8 months. In contrast, fewer Black (15%), Mixed (18%) and Asian (20%) prisoners reported bullying/victimisation from other prisoners, compared to prisoners from White (23%) and Other ethnic groups (24%). These proportions have remained broadly consistent across the last 5 years. The areas of focus include: Victimisation; Police Activity; Defendants and Court Outcomes; Offender Management; Offender Characteristics; Offence Analysis; and Practitioners. Figure 5.04: RRI of remands in custody at Crown Court, 2016-2020, England and Wales. Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons for England & Wales (HMI Prisons) aims to ensure independent inspection of places of detention, report on conditions and treatment, and promote positive outcomes for those detained and the public. , Pre-sentence reports (PSRs) are prepared by the Probation Service to provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. As shown in Figure 5, the trend had increased since 2016 and stopped in 2020. Generally, we discuss the broad categories individually, to reflect their different experiences, but given the much greater numbers of White individuals in the population it is sometimes necessary or appropriate to consider the minority ethnic groups together. Figure 9.04: Proportion of staff and practitioners in CJS organisations by ethnicity[footnote 99], latest year and 2016 or 2017, England and Wales. You have a 1 in 60.4 chance of being the victim of a violent crime in Cleveland each year. This analysis compares the police identified ethnicity in the matched young offender cohort by total sentence/cautioned and those sentenced to custody (12 months or less and more than 12 months). Postal Point 10.31, Floor 10. Black prisoners served the greatest proportion of their original sentence in custody. Where young offenders received a custodial sentence, the proportion of White offenders persistently absent was significantly higher than the proportion of Black offenders, both for custody for 12 months or less (by 7pp) and for more than 12 months (by 11pp). We have crudely attempted to control for different offence mixes across ethnic groups by applying a similar pattern of offences being sentenced across all ethnic groups, fixing this to the White group. In 2020, White offenders had an ACSL of 19.6 months in comparison with 26.8 for Black offenders, 28.6 for Asian offenders, and 24.4 for offenders of Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups. Arrest rate in England and Wales 2006-2022, by ethnicity. The arrest rate for all ethnic groups decreased over this period, each within the range of 4 percentage points (pp) in 2020/21 (10 to 14%). Larger proportions of defendants from Black, Asian and Chinese or Other ethnic groups who were remanded in custody were acquitted or not tried (ranging from 13% to 15%) compared with defendants of White and Mixed ethnicities (9% and 10% respectively). This was largely consistent across all disposal types and all three measures of attainment; however, caution should be taken when breaking down proportion achieving 5 or more GCSEs A*-C by disposal type due to the small population[footnote 72]. Where figures have been published, links are provided as part of the text and tables. This article presents research into a method for producing population estimates by ethnic group and by religion, combining Annual Population Survey (APS) and census data. People from a Black, Asian, 'Mixed' or 'Chinese and other' background were over-represented as defendants in the criminal justice system in 2019, according to Ministry of Justice (MoJ) data. , Detailed results of the survey can be found in table 6.06 in the tables document published alongside this report. For example, in 2020, Black defendants were 16% less likely to enter a guilty plea than White defendants in Crown Court [footnote 48]. The proportion of total arrests for which theft offences account has been decreasing over this period (20 to 13%) with a corresponding increase in the proportion accounted for by drug offences (9 to 12%). This is especially apparent when comparing to the ethnic breakdown of the population of England and Wales[footnote 1]. Simon Hallsworth and Tara Young (2008) were sceptical, dismissing . In 2020, 76% of crime lower legal aid workload was for White clients, with 7% for Black, 7% for Asian, 7% for Other and 3% for clients from Mixed ethnic groups. This trend varied by ethnic group and reduction in the number of arrests was more pronounced for White (-35%) and Black (-33%) children. This contrasts with the proportion of pupils in the overall population where 14% are eligible for FSM. The ACSL for Asian children was 20.6 months, 18.2 months for Black children and 18 months for Chinese or Other children. Unfortunately, we do not hold data on offences . Stop and search rate per 1,000 people, and number of stop and search incidents, by ethnicity. Higher proportions of staff and practitioners in more senior roles were White for all organisations, when compared to the ethnic breakdowns of less senior staff[footnote 100]. The Probation Service supervises offenders living in the community under a court order[footnote 57], including those starting supervision as a result of a community or suspended sentence and those who have been released from prison on licence. Publish a time-series of revisions due to errors in our statistical processes and procedures so we can monitor the quality of our outputs. (FBI Table 21 Arrests by Race and Ethnicity, 2016 / archive) 2016 FBI Violent Crime Statistics This was followed by defendants from the Chinese or Other ethnic groups (16%), Asian defendants (14%), Mixed defendants (12%) and White defendants (12%). , Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 are typically aged 15 and 16; please see A Technical Guide to Statistics on Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System, 2020 for further details. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS): The ethnic background of the CPS, where ethnicity was known, has remained broadly similar between 2016 and 2020[footnote 92]. Large figures are generally presented rounded to the nearest thousand, and percentages to the nearest percentage point in the text. . More detailed information on the reforms can be found at the following: SEND code of practice: 0 to 25 years. , Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS): Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of White HMPPS staff (excluding National Probation Service) has decreased, from 92.6% to 90.3%, due to an increase in the proportion of staff from Black (1 pp), Asian and Mixed (0.7 pp) backgrounds[footnote 96]. Figure 8.01: Comparison of ACSL before and after controlling for offence mix, all indictable offences, 2020, England and Wales. The relationship between the homicide victim and principal suspect[footnote 19] varied across ethnic groups. Although it is impossible to make it perfectly consistent, this will reduce the differences in types of offending and enable a more comparable comparison across groups. Drug offences vary both in nature and severity. Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. In some cases, in contrast to fears of "racist" connotations of identifying individuals by their cultural background, the language of labels and shorthand descriptors was used as a lingua franca for playful . Previously, these officers have been counted under the Chinese or Other ethnic group. Search. , Self-declared from HR records reported table 3_5_JO_Magistrates Judicial Diversity Statistics, 2021 publication, the quoted figure covers all court judges; Judicial Diversity Statistics 2017. This trend has remained relatively stable over the past 5 years, with the Black ethnic group consistently having the highest proportion of defendants electing themselves to be heard at Crown Court. Controlling for offence mix between ethnic groups also impacted on custody rates. Custody rates have largely converged across ethnic groups between 2016 and 2019. A contributing factor to the long ACSL for Asian offenders is due to the high proportions of Class A drug related offences. In comparison, these age groups accounted for 6% of victims from the White, 17% from Asian and 27% from Other ethnic groups. , Offence groups from this chapter are not directly comparable to offence groups from the MoJ Court Proceedings database see technical guide for further details, Ethnicity coverage is more complete for triable either way and indictable only offences. , A long criminal history is defined as 15 or more previous cautions or convictions. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Main facts and figures. In 2020/21, 21% of all stop and searches (where ethnicity is known) resulted in an outcome that was linked to the reason for the search, i.e. , There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. Despite the large decrease in both prosecutions and convictions over the past 5 years, proportions across ethnic groups have remained stable. Where ethnicity was recorded in the data, for all young offenders sentenced or cautioned, over half were eligible for FSM: White (57%), Black (66%), Asian (59%), and Other (68%). Ministry of Justice: Between 2016 and 2020, there has been an increase of 1.3 percentage points (pp) in the proportion of staff from the Asian ethnic group and a decrease of 1.6 pp in the proportion of staff from the White ethnic group[footnote 91]. These proportions have remained stable across the past 5 years. The largest proportionate decrease was seen in the White and Black ethnic groups (-18% and -17% respectively). Because of this, the statistics presented in this report cannot present the typical experience of a person of a particular ethnic group, but it can highlight areas where further investigation or research may be warranted when looking at differences between ethnic groups. RRI analysis shows that defendants from Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were not significantly more or less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody compared to White defendants, and Black and Asian defendants were 6% and 4% less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody in comparison with White defendants respectively. , All groups defined by officer-identified ethnicity classification see Appendix I. In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the person with the closest relationship to the victim. 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