c. hair cells of spiral organ. Tags: Question 21 . 1 - Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate. Chapter 1. 1) Fibrous tunic Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Through which cranial nerves does gustatory information travel? - Pharyngotympanic tube which is activated in the two-point discrimination test, employs several types of receptors. General senses often contribute to the sense of touch, as described above, or to proprioception (body position) and kinesthesia (body movement), or to a visceral sense, which is most important to autonomic functions. Ask anyone what the senses are, and they are likely to list the five major sensestaste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight. Merkel's disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. The Chemical Level of Organization, Chapter 3. Stapes Deeper in the epidermis, near the base, are Ruffini endings, which are also known as bulbous corpuscles. Optic disc Treated by convex lens. -Lens Neurons are not physically connected, but communicate via neurotransmitters secreted into synapses or gaps between communicating neurons. David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. Perilymph is located between the - It is a benign tumor b. ossicles of the middle ear -Vitreous humor with the x and y coordinates of the vertices, respectively. Temperature receptors are stimulated when local temperatures differ from body temperature. What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The receptors for the vestibular sense are hair cells within the inner ear (vestibule). b. Acetylcholine ; Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a . The central integration may then lead to a motor response. 2. The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. They contain mechanically-gated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to pressure, touch, stretching, and sound. Buds An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord may result in quadriplegia, or paralysis of both upper and lower limbs. A fifth type of mechanoreceptor, Krause end bulbs, are found only in specialized regions. - DARK *Basilar membrane. Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Krause end bulbs detect pressure. Any deformation in the corpuscle causes action potentials to be generated by opening pressure-sensitive sodium ion channels in the axon membrane. What type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures? What type of receptor detects changes in light? In humans, touch receptors are less dense in skin covered with any type of hair, such as the arms, legs, torso, and face. a. Lamellated corpuscles b. d. Fibers of the cochlear nerve what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? That makes them finely sensitive to edges and they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. -Saccule __________ receptors lose sensitivity over time. They are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings, which respond to light touch. The sensory fibers connect to the spinal cord through the dorsal root, which is attached to the dorsal root ganglion. 5 - Oval window - Sprained ankle deep pressure and vibration: lamellar (Pacinian) corpus- cles, in reticular layer. These categories are based on the nature of the stimuli that each receptor class transduces. Several distinct receptor types form the somatosensory system including thermoreceptors (heat), nociceptors (pain), and mechanoreceptors (pressure). Meissners corpuscles extend into the lower dermis. Merkels disks are abundant on the fingertips and lips. - Provides for eye shape - Is made of dense connective tissue Order these structures from superficial to deep. 4. Merkel cells function as type 1 mechano-receptors and can sense light touches. The most obvious omission from this list is balance. a. Bony labyrinth Unconscious proprioceptive signals run from the spinal cord to the cerebellum, the brain region that coordinates muscle contraction, rather than to the thalamus, like most other sensory information. Mt. Qualitative Evaluation of Intracranial Pressure Slopes in Patients Undergoing Brain Death Protocol. : Pacinian corpuscles, located deep in the dermis of both glabrous and hairy skin, are structurally similar to Meissners corpuscles. (a) To explain how to cure paralysis, (b) To persuade people to wear helmets, (c) To describe the effects of spinal injuries, (d) To describe different types of paralysis. d. supporting cells. and (6, -3.8). Which auditory ossicle contacts the oval window? Mechanoreceptors in the skin, muscles, or the walls of blood vessels are examples of this type. Endolymph has a __________ sodium and __________ potassium concentration. 6. Which type of receptors do not exhibit adaptation? e. Cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. Meissner corpuscles are the mechanoreceptorslocated in the dermis that detect deep pressure and stretch. __________ of the eye is receded into the orbit. A general sense is one that is distributed throughout the body and has receptor cells within the structures of other organs. Hence, they convey information about the duration of the stimulus. Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the submodalities discussed in this section. What are the sense receptors for each of the 5 senses? Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate whether each statement is associated with rods or cones. The vitreous body is also called the vitreous __________. 1. endolymph of cochlear duct Recall that the epidermis is the outermost layer of skin in mammals. They are rapidly- adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders which are responsive to fine details. If strong enough, the graded potential causes the sensory neuron to produce an action potential that is relayed into the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated with other sensory informationand sometimes higher cognitive functionsto become a conscious perception of that stimulus. Despite the rapidly growing popularity of laser vision correction (LVC) in the correction of myopia, its quantitative evaluation has not been thoroughly investigated. c. Central artery and vein They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. Spinal injuries may result in paralysis, or the loss of muscle function and feeling in part of the body. b. What structure transforms one type of energy into a different type of energy? detect hearing and balance. The configuration of the different types of receptors working in concert in human skin results in a very refined sense of touch. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and limb position. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of sensory receptors that extend from the central nervous system (CNS) to communicate with other parts of the body. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. They are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors that sense deep, transient (not prolonged) pressure, and high-frequency vibration. The somatosensory is the system of nerve cells that responds to changes to the external or internal state of the body. 3) Horizontal cells (Gauge pressure is the difference between the actual pressure and atmospheric pressure.). -Anterior two-thirds of the tongue b. Ampullae The sensory receptors of the inner ear for equilibrium are Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance), are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor. Somatosensation is also known as tactile sense, or more familiarly, as the sense of touch. Some stimuli are ions and macromolecules that affect transmembrane receptor proteins by binding or by directly diffusing across the cell membrane. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. The lacrimal gland is made of two parts, the palpebral part and the __________ part. What structure makes up the posterior portion of the fibrous tunic? Inner ear Receptors for general senses are usually ____. In this study, we present a novel fiducial point extraction algorithm to detect c and d points from the acceleration photoplethysmogram (APG), namely "CnD". 6. c. the photoreceptors are photobleached. The cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system are classified on the basis of structural or functional aspects of the cells. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. d. cochlear nucleus. Meissners corpuscles, (shown in Figure3) also known as tactile corpuscles, are found in the upper dermis, but they project into the epidermis. Tympanic membrane b. Incus Meissner corpuscles in the fingertips, such as the one viewed here using bright field light microscopy, allow for touch discrimination of fine detail. For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Cis-retinal and opsin re-form rhodopsin. Which of the following is a location where Krause bulbs are located? CN 8 has two divisions, the __________ branch and the __________ branch. Figure 2. 5. basilar membrane There are three classes of mechanoreceptors: tactile, proprioceptors, and baroreceptors. -Cochlea If two points are felt as two separate points, each is in the receptive field of two separate sensory receptors. Journals. - Utricle. Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors and perceived as touch or proprioception. Meissners corpuscles respond to touch and low-frequency vibration. This means that its receptors are not associated with a specialized organ, but are instead spread throughout the body in a variety of organs. Accordingly, cell type-specific deletion of PAR2 in myeloid immune cells resulted in a curtailed skin inflammation and hapten-specific T cell response in CHS mice. b. Membranous labyrinth 7 - The cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) is stimulated. e. Lateral geniculate nucleus Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods. Below this, the much thicker dermis contains blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, and lipid-secreting sebaceous glands (Figure1). A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from ________ rod(s), Each cone synapses with ______ ganglion cell(s), Cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humor, retina, vascular tunic, Name the order of the passage of light through the eyeball: Pain is primarily a chemical and sometimes mechanical sense that interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage, or intense mechanical stimuli, through a nociceptor. MRI image testing does a good job of finding deep vein thrombosis(DVT) in the thigh and pelvis. detect pressure, vibration. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. This information is detected by sensory receptors in our muscles, ligaments, and joints, and then processed through the central nervous system. Both primary somatosensory cortex and secondary cortical areas are responsible for processing the complex picture of stimuli transmitted from the interplay of mechanoreceptors. Label the figure with the items provided. Figure3. Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? -Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx Age-related loss of the lenses' ability to change shape. Air that initially occupies 0.140 m at a gauge pressure of 103.0 kPa is expanded isothermally to a pressure of 101.3 kPa and then cooled at constant pressure until it reaches its initial volume. What is the most numerous type of receptor? of the following EXCEPT a the sensation of pain b. the sensation of itch c the sensation of touch d the sensation of vibration 28. Specialized free nerve endings that surround hair follicles are called __________ hair plexuses. d. Oval window a. 6 - Scala vestibuli A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a(n) ______. Chemical stimuli can be detected by a chemoreceptors that detect chemical stimuli, such as a chemicals that lead to the sense of smell. A variety of receptor typesembedded in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, joints, internal organs, and cardiovascular systemplay a role. c. sensory neurons. Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue. The sphincter pupillae is controlled by the __________ division of the nervous system. A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a (n) ______ a. interoceptor. The chemical senses include taste and smell. In 2009, an eruption threw solid volcanic rocks that landed 1km1 \mathrm{~km}1km horizontally from the crater. Lies deep to dermis. Receptors are biological transducers that convert energy from both external and internal environments into electrical impulses. a. medial geniculate nucleus. Treated with concave lens. In addition to these two types of deeper receptors, there are also rapidly adapting hair receptors, which are found on nerve endings that wrap around the base of hair follicles. Cis-retinal is transformed to trans-retinal In this paper, an acoustic radiation force-optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) system was proposed to evaluate LVC by measuring the residual stromal bed (RSB) elasticity, because it is directly relevant to the RSB . -Epiglottis, a. Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas, Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma? Thus, they also contribute to proprioception and kinesthesia. Use the function with the points (1.5, 3), (9, 10.5), That makes them very sensitive to edges; they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. Another way that receptors can be classified is based on their location relative to the stimuli. The Tissue Level of Organization, Chapter 6. What was the author's purpose? c. Norepinephrine Order the auditory ossicles from lateral to medial. In this chapter we will discuss the general senses which include pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception. What type of receptor monitors changes in position? It joins opsin to retinal. f. Superior colliculus 3. vestibular membrane Temperature receptors are free nerve endings. They are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. What do Merkel cells detect? Mammalian skin has three layers: an epidermis, a dermis, and a hypodermis. a. cochlea. The posterior cavity contains the __________ canal, a remnant of embryonic development. d. Lacrimal punctum Four of the primary mechanoreceptors in human skin are shown. Mechanoreceptors in the skin are described as encapsulated (that is, surrounded by a capsule) or unencapsulated (a group that includes free nerve endings). g. Retina. a. Ossicles what type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Stretch receptors are found at various sites in the digestive and urinary systems. THE GENERAL SENSES RECEPTORS 1. Somatosensation belongs to the general senses, which are those sensory structures that are distributed throughout the body and in the walls of various organs. a. medial geniculate nucleus. Mechanoreceptors are part of the nervous system that detect changes in movement or pressure. In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ________ of the eye. They are slow to adjust to a stimulus and so are less sensitive to abrupt changes in stimulation. They, too, are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. a. An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. 7 - Scala tympani d. semicircular ducts. c. Malleus The nasolacrimal duct is found on the __________ side of the nose. A fifth type of mechanoreceptor, Krause end bulbs, are found only in specialized regions. b. Pigmented layer of retina A detached retina is caused by a separation between which two layers? a. Glutamate Can a mri detect a blood clot? 5. In skeletal muscle tissue, these stretch receptors are called muscle spindles. Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and Krause end bulbs are all encapsulated. Small, finely calibrated mechanoreceptorsMerkels disks and Meissners corpusclesare located in the upper layers and can precisely localize even gentle touch. Pacinian corpuscles; a large, encapsulated tactile receptor that detects deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Related to chemoreceptors are osmoreceptors and nociceptors for fluid balance and pain reception, respectively. 2) Lacrimal canaliculus what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? meissner corpuscles are type of receptors present in the skinf which is r . 1. 4. Merkels disks are densely distributed in the fingertips and lips. They are found in the bone periosteum, joint capsules, pancreas and other viscera, breast, and genitals. b. Some other organisms have receptors that humans lack, such as the heat sensors of snakes, the ultraviolet light sensors of bees, or magnetic receptors in migratory birds. d. outer hair cells of the spiral organ What type of receptor picks up pressure? It is not surprising, then, that humans detect cold stimuli before they detect warm stimuli. This page titled 36.3: Somatosensation - Somatosensory Receptors is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Boundless. b. sensations. Perception is the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern involving awareness. c. hair cells of spiral organ. As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive Asama, Japan, is an active volcano. *Semicircular canals Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. Order the regions of the ear from lateral to medial. When strong enough to reach threshold they can directly trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. transparent & avascular Specific types of receptors called _____ detect stimuli in the internal organs. Figure4. The large mechanoreceptorsPacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endingsare located in the lower layers and respond to deeper touch. What disease causes fluid build up in the eye, dislocating the lens? Nociceptors are free (bare) nerve endings found in the skin (Figure 6.2), muscle, joints, bone and viscera. Which of the following muscles are located within the middle ear? - It can be caused by exposure to loud music. This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, creating a receptor potential. a. Retina 3 - Pressure waves are generated within the oval window and travel through the scala vestibuli. Gustatory cells have a __________ lifespan. What is commonly referred to as touch involves more than one kind of stimulus and more than one kind of receptor. 3) Retina. - Eustachian tube 2. round window Aqueous humor is secreted into the __________ chamber before traveling to the __________ chamber of the eye. Which of the following are correct names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx? 6. perilymph of scala tympani - Saccule If this graded post-synaptic potential is strong enough to reach threshold it will trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. Previous Article in Journal. * saccharine, EXs associated w/ what taste sensation? The __________ ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lense. To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______. Phasic receptors are rapidly adapting receptors. a. stimuli b. Axons of ganglion cells from temporal halves of both retinas Pacinian corpuscles (seen in Figure4) are located deep in the dermis of both glabrous and hairy skin and are structurally similar to Meissners corpuscles; they are found in the bone periosteum, joint capsules, pancreas and other viscera, breast, and genitals. They respond to fine touch and pressure, but they also respond to low-frequency vibration or flutter. Mechanoreceptors - provides sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, Some transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called ligands. -Highly concentrated in and around the macula d - Cochlear nucleus Which of the following structures contain exteroceptors? The major cutaneous receptors that are found in the dermis and. A receptor or receptor cell is changed directly by a stimulus. Humans can perceive various types of sensations, and with this information, our motor movement is determined. Transparent: b. Lacrimal sac The bulbous corpuscles (also known as Ruffini endings) detect tension deep in the skin and fascia. Blood-sucking insects use thermoreception to detect their host, thermoreceptors present in the pit organ of the viper helps them locate their prey. Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue, Chapter 13. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature. Merkel cells are expanded dendritic endings, and they respond to sustained pressure and touch. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is . Olfactory glands are also known as _________ glands. For example, have you ever stretched your muscles before or after exercise and noticed that you can only stretch so far before your muscles spasm back to a less stretched state?

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